COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A progressive lung disease causing chronic airflow limitation, primarily due to tobacco smoking, leading to breathlessness and reduced exercise tolerance.

COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing irreversible airflow obstruction. It is the third leading cause of death worldwide and is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Smoking cessation is the most important intervention to slow disease progression. Bronchodilators (LABAs, LAMAs) form the backbone of pharmacologic management.