Dizziness

What is it?

Dizziness is the third most common complaint in primary care. It is not a single symptom but an umbrella term covering vertigo (a false sense of spinning), presyncope (near-fainting lightheadedness), disequilibrium (balance problems), and non-specific dizziness. The inner ear and cerebellum are central to balance, and dysfunction in either can cause dizziness. Cardiovascular causes — low blood pressure, arrhythmia — produce lightheadedness. Accurate description of the sensation helps the clinician narrow the cause.

Common causes

When to see a doctor

• 1Sudden severe dizziness with headache, double vision, or weakness — call 911
• 2Dizziness with chest pain, palpitations, or fainting
• 3New dizziness in someone with cardiovascular disease or stroke risk factors
• 4Falls or difficulty walking due to balance problems
• 5Dizziness lasting hours without improvement, especially with hearing loss
• 6Frequent or worsening episodes over days or weeks

What you can do

• ✓Move slowly when changing positions — sit on the edge of the bed before standing
• ✓Stay well hydrated, especially in hot weather or after exercise
• ✓Avoid sudden head movements during a vertigo episode; lie still with eyes open
• ✓The Epley maneuver can resolve BPPV episodes — ask your provider to teach you
• ✓Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery during active dizziness episodes
• ✓Limit caffeine, alcohol, and salt if you have Ménière disease

Conditions that cause this symptom

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Frequently asked questions