Bloating

What is it?

Bloating refers to the subjective sensation of abdominal fullness or pressure, often accompanied by visible distension. It is one of the most common GI complaints, particularly in women. Functional bloating — occurring without structural disease — is closely linked to IBS, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), food intolerances (lactose, fructose, gluten), and visceral hypersensitivity. Gas production from gut bacteria fermenting unabsorbed carbohydrates is the primary mechanism. Persistent bloating, especially with weight loss or change in bowel habits, warrants evaluation to exclude serious pathology.

Common causes

When to see a doctor

• 1Bloating with unintentional weight loss or loss of appetite
• 2Persistent bloating in a woman over 50 — rule out ovarian pathology
• 3Bloating with blood in stool or change in bowel habits lasting more than 3 weeks
• 4Severe abdominal distension with inability to pass stool or gas
• 5Bloating with jaundice or visible abdominal fluid (ascites)
• 6Bloating that is rapidly worsening over days

What you can do

• ✓Try a low-FODMAP diet for 4–6 weeks — highly effective for IBS-related bloating
• ✓Eat slowly and chew thoroughly to reduce swallowed air
• ✓Walk after meals — even 10–15 minutes accelerates gastric emptying
• ✓Avoid carbonated drinks, chewing gum, and straws
• ✓Keep a food and symptom diary to identify personal trigger foods
• ✓Peppermint tea or enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules relax gut smooth muscle

Conditions that cause this symptom

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Frequently asked questions