Depression

Low Mood / Depressed Affect

Severe severity87% reported by patientsICD-10: F32.9

Depression significantly raises the risk of suicide — if you are having thoughts of self-harm, seek help immediately by calling 988 (Suicide & Crisis Lifeline).

Summary

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, and low energy that goes beyond normal sadness and significantly impairs daily life.

What is it?

Depression as a symptom spans a wide spectrum — from transient low mood in response to life events to the full syndrome of major depressive disorder (MDD), which affects roughly 1 in 6 people over their lifetime. MDD is characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia) most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, along with physical and cognitive symptoms. It is highly treatable, yet the majority of people with depression do not receive adequate care. Early identification and treatment dramatically improve outcomes.

Common causes

Biological

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Neurotransmitter dysregulation (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)
  • Hormonal changes (postpartum, menopause, hypothyroidism)

Psychological

  • Trauma and adverse childhood experiences
  • Chronic stress
  • Negative cognitive patterns
  • Grief and loss

Medical

  • Hypothyroidism
  • Chronic pain
  • Cancer
  • Parkinson disease
  • Post-stroke depression

Medications / Substances

  • Corticosteroids
  • Beta-blockers
  • Isotretinoin
  • Alcohol misuse
  • Opioid dependence

When to see a doctor

  • 1Thoughts of suicide, self-harm, or harming others — seek help immediately (call 988)
  • 2Depressed mood or loss of interest persisting for 2 or more weeks
  • 3Inability to function at work, school, or in relationships
  • 4Significant changes in sleep, appetite, or weight
  • 5Feeling hopeless, worthless, or excessively guilty
  • 6Slowed thinking, difficulty concentrating, or indecisiveness

What you can do

  • ✓Regular exercise (especially aerobic) has strong evidence for reducing depressive symptoms
  • ✓Maintain social connection — isolation significantly worsens depression
  • ✓Structure your day with small achievable tasks; behavioral activation reduces low mood
  • ✓Minimize alcohol — a CNS depressant that worsens depression despite short-term relief
  • ✓Consider therapy: CBT and interpersonal therapy have strong evidence for depression
  • ✓Sunlight exposure and a consistent sleep schedule help regulate mood-related circadian rhythms

Conditions that cause this symptom

AnxietyF41.9Bipolar DisorderF31.9HypothyroidismE03.9Chronic PainG89.29PTSDF43.10

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Sertraline

First-line SSRI for depression

Escitalopram

Well-tolerated SSRI for depression

Bupropion

NDRI — activating, helpful for low energy and anhedonia

Venlafaxine

SNRI for depression with anxiety

Mirtazapine

Depression with insomnia or appetite loss

Frequently asked questions

This page is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your doctor or a qualified health provider with questions about your symptoms or medical conditions.

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