Itching

What is it?

Pruritus (itching) is one of the most common dermatologic complaints. It can be localized (a specific area) or generalized (affecting the whole body). Localized itching is usually caused by a skin condition — eczema, contact dermatitis, insect bites, or fungal infection. Generalized pruritus without a visible rash — especially in older adults — should prompt investigation for systemic causes: liver disease (cholestasis), kidney failure, thyroid disorders, lymphoma, or iron deficiency. Chronic pruritus significantly impairs quality of life and sleep.

Common causes

When to see a doctor

• 1Generalized itching without a visible rash lasting more than 2 weeks
• 2Itching with jaundice (yellow skin/eyes) — possible liver disease
• 3Severe nocturnal itching with a rash spreading to household contacts (possible scabies)
• 4Itching with unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or swollen lymph nodes
• 5Itching during pregnancy, especially on the palms and soles (intrahepatic cholestasis)
• 6Scratching causing significant skin breakdown or infection

What you can do

• ✓Moisturize immediately after bathing with a fragrance-free cream or ointment
• ✓Use lukewarm (not hot) water — heat worsens itch
• ✓Keep nails short and wear cotton gloves at night to reduce scratch damage during sleep
• ✓Avoid irritants: fragrances, harsh soaps, wool fabrics
• ✓Cool compresses or ice packs provide immediate relief by temporarily numbing itch receptors
• ✓OTC antihistamines help for allergic itch; sedating types (diphenhydramine) can help with nighttime symptoms

Conditions that cause this symptom

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Frequently asked questions