Swelling

What is it?

Edema (swelling from fluid accumulation in tissues) is a common clinical finding with many causes. Peripheral edema — bilateral leg and ankle swelling — is most often caused by venous insufficiency, prolonged standing or sitting, medications, or systemic conditions like heart failure, kidney disease, or liver cirrhosis. Unilateral leg swelling raises concern for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Facial or periorbital edema suggests nephrotic syndrome, allergic reaction, or hypothyroidism. Pitting vs. non-pitting edema and associated symptoms guide diagnosis.

Common causes

When to see a doctor

• 1New unilateral (one-sided) leg swelling with pain and redness — possible DVT
• 2Swelling with sudden shortness of breath (possible clot in lung)
• 3Severe or rapidly worsening bilateral leg swelling
• 4Facial swelling with throat tightening or difficulty breathing (anaphylaxis)
• 5Swelling with decreased urination or foamy urine (kidney disease)
• 6Swelling in pregnancy, especially in the face or hands (preeclampsia)

What you can do

• ✓Elevate your legs above heart level for 30 minutes several times daily
• ✓Reduce sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg/day to minimize fluid retention
• ✓Wear graduated compression stockings (20–30 mmHg) for venous insufficiency
• ✓Avoid prolonged sitting or standing — take movement breaks every 30–60 minutes
• ✓Stay physically active — walking activates the calf muscle pump that returns blood to the heart
• ✓Check your daily weight; gaining more than 2 lbs overnight suggests fluid accumulation

Conditions that cause this symptom

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Frequently asked questions