Diarrhea

What is it?

Diarrhea is defined as three or more loose or watery stools per day. Acute diarrhea (less than 2 weeks) is most often caused by viral or bacterial gastroenteritis and resolves without specific treatment. Persistent diarrhea (2–4 weeks) or chronic diarrhea (more than 4 weeks) suggests an underlying condition such as IBD, IBS, celiac disease, or malabsorption. Dehydration is the primary complication, especially dangerous in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea — including C. difficile colitis — is increasingly prevalent and should be considered in recently treated patients.

Common causes

When to see a doctor

• 1Signs of dehydration: extreme thirst, dry mouth, no urination for 8+ hours, dizziness
• 2Blood or mucus in stool
• 3Fever above 38.5°C (101.3°F) with diarrhea
• 4Severe abdominal pain or cramping
• 5Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days in an adult (or 24 hours in a young child or elderly person)
• 6Recent antibiotic use with new onset watery diarrhea (possible C. difficile)

What you can do

• ✓Prioritize rehydration: water, diluted juice, broth, or oral rehydration solution (ORS)
• ✓The BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) helps firm stools temporarily
• ✓Avoid dairy, fatty foods, caffeine, and artificial sweeteners during recovery
• ✓Wash hands thoroughly — viral and bacterial diarrhea are highly contagious
• ✓Probiotics (Lactobacillus GG, Saccharomyces boulardii) have evidence for shortening duration
• ✓Do not use loperamide if there is blood in the stool or high fever — these may indicate bacterial infection

Conditions that cause this symptom

Medications that may help

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Always consult your provider before starting any medication.

Frequently asked questions